25 April 2024
On 23 of April, during its last plenary meeting of this mandate, the EU parliament adopted the final text of the recast of the EU anti-trafficking Directive1. We, the undersigned non-governmental human rights organisations, welcome some progress that has been made in the revised Directive. It is positive that sanctions for...
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Joint civil society recommendations for the trialogue negotiations on the revision of the EU ‘Anti- Trafficking Directive’ (2011/36/EU on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and...
22nd November, 2023
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GAATW International Secretariat and members stand in solidarity with Bangladeshi garment workers who are protesting the new minimum wage proposed by the Labour Department, which...
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GAATW organised a panel at the IWRAW virtual Global South Women’s Forum(GSWF) on 29th October 2023. GAATW organised it with its members and partners from South East Asia and Latin America. They are...
Berlin, July 2023
1. Background and Context
Over the last three years GAATW, together with ten partners from Southeast Asia and Europe, has used a feminist participatory action research methodology to learn about the experiences of 259 Southeast Asian women migrants who were...
In 2023, the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW) together with ten partner organisations from Southeast Asia and Europe researched Southeast Asian migrant women’s experience of migration to Europe, and of their reintegration at home...
Dottridge, M./Associazione On the Road (2011): E-notes: Report on the implementation of anti-trafficking policies and interventions in the 27 EU Member States from a human rights perspective (2008 and 2009) Fermo: Associazione On the Road.
EUROPOL (European Law Enforcement Agency) (2009a): OCTA 2009: EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment. EUROPOL
EUROPOL (European Law Enforcement Agency) (2009b): Trafficking in Human Beings in the European Union: A EUROPOL Perspective. The Hague: EUROPOL
ILO/European Commission (2009): Operational indicators of THB; Results from a Delphi survey implemented by the ILO and the European Commission. Geneva: ILO
IOM/Surtees, R. & Nexus Institute (2008): Trafficking of men – a trend less considered. The case of Belarus and Ukraine. Geneva: IOM
Cyprus Re-Integration Center for Migrant Workers/CCME (2011): Trafficking for Labour in Cyprus. Athens: Re-Integration Center for Migrant Workers
Czech Republic CCME/Pomichalkova,K. (2010): THB Labour Exploitation in the Czech Republic. Prague: Publisher
La Strada Czech Republic/Burčíková, P. (2006): Trafficking in Human Beings and Forced Labour or Labour Exploitation in the Czech Republic. Prague: La Strada Czech Republic/
La Strada Czech Republic/Krebs, M. & Pechová, E. (2009): Vietnamese Workers in Czech Factories – Research Report – Excerpt. Prague: La Strada Czech Republic/
La Strada Czech Republic/Kutalkova, P. (2010): The narrow gateway to human rights; identification of trafficked persons in the Czech Republic. Prague: La Strada Czech Republic.
La Strada Czech Republic/Prachakitbamrung, P. (2011): Findings from a Migration Mapping Study: Thai Migrant Workers in the Czech Republic. Prague: La Strada Czech Republic/
Denmark COWI Department for Gender Equality (2010): Evaluation of the Danish Action Plan for combating of trafficking in human beings, 2007-2010 (Summary in English). Kongens Lyngby: Publisher
Danish Center Against Human Trafficking/Korsby, T.M. (2010): Au Pair and Trafficked? - recruitment, residence in Denmark and dreams for the future A qualitative study of the prevalence and risk of human trafficking in the situations and experiences of a group of au pairs in Denmark. Odense: National Board of Social Services
Finland Finnish National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings (2010): 2010: Trafficking in human beings, phenomena related to it, and implementation of the rights of human
Finland, Poland & Estonia European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations (HEUNI)(2011): Trafficking for Forced Labour and Labour Exploitation in Finland, Poland and Estonia. Helsinki: HEUNI
France ILO (2005a): Le Trafic et L’exploitation des immigrants chinois en France. Geneva: ILO
National Consultative Commission on Human Rights (2009): Opinion on combating the trafficking and exploitation of human beings in France (Recommendations adopted by the Plenary Assembly on 18 December 2009).
Germany BBGM (2010): Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation. An explorative study into its forms, origins and extent in selected industrial sectors in Berlin and Brandenburg (summary in English) Berlin: IOM
German Institute for Human Rights & EVZ/Otto, P.F. & Rabe, H. (2009): Human Trafficking in Germany Strengthening Victim’s Human Rights. Berlin: German Institute for Human Rights
ILO/Cyrus, N. (2005): Trafficking for labour and sexual exploitation in Germany. Geneva: ILO
Greece Re-Integration Centre for Migrant Workers/CCME (2011): Trafficking for Labour in Greece. Athens: Re-Integration Center for Migrant Workers
Ireland AkiDwA (2010) ‘Am Only Saying It Now’: Experiences of Women Seeking Asylum in Ireland. Part of GAATW Feminist Participatory Action Research Series 2010. Dublin: AkiDwA.
Migrant Rights Centre Ireland (2006): Accessing redress for workplace exploitation: the experience of migrant workers. Dublin.
Migrant Rights Centre Ireland/Dublin City University (2006): No way forward, no way back: Identifying the problem of trafficking for forced labour in Ireland. Dublin: MRCI
Migrant Rights Centre Ireland’s Restaurant Workers Action Group (2008): Exploitation in Ireland’s Restaurant Industry. Dublin: MRCI
Ireland & United Kingdom ITF (2008): Migrant Workers in the Scottish and Irish Fishing industry: Forced or compulsory labour or just plain modern day slavery.
Migrant Rights Centre Ireland / CCME (2010): Trafficking for Forced Labour in Ireland and the United Kingdom: Issues and Emerging Good Practice. Dublin: MRCI
Italy & Spain The Federation of Protestant Churches in Italy (FCEI) & Carchedi, F./CCM (2010): Slave labour: Some aspects of the phenomenon in Italy and Spain.
Netherlands Bonded Labour in the Netherlands (BlinN) (2009): Annual report Amsterdam: BlinN
Bonded Labour in the Netherlands (BlinN) (2009) Uitgebuit en in de bak! Slachtoffers van mensenhandel in vreemdelingendetentie. Amsterdam: BLinN – Humanitas/Oxfam Novib
Jonge van Ellemeet, H. de & Smit, M. (2006): Trafficking for exploitation outside the sex industry. In: Van den Anker, C. & Doomernik, J. (Eds.) Trafficking and women’s rights (219-232). Pallgrave Macmillan.
Korvinus, D., Koster, D. and Jonge van Ellemeet, H. de (2007): Trafficking in Human Beings: The concept of exploitation in the Dutch trafficking provision.
National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings (2007): Fifth Report from the National Rapporteur. The Hague: BNRM
National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings (2009): Human Trafficking - Seventh Report from the National Reporter. The Hague: BNRM
National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings (2010): Human Trafficking – ten years of independent monitoring. The Hague: BNRM.
Poland • See also: Finland, Poland & Estonia
Madler, V./CCME (2010): Trafficking in Human Beings Labour Exploitation in Poland
Portugal ILO/Pereira, S. & Vasconcelos, J. (2008): Human Trafficking and Forced Labour: Case studies and responses from Portugal. Geneva: ILO
Romania CCME (2010): Research on Trafficking in Human Beings Labour Exploitation in Romania.
ILO/Ghinararu C. & Van der Linden, M. (2004): Trafficking of migrant workers from Romania: Issues of labour & sexual exploitation. Geneva: ILO
Russian Federation ILO/Tyuryukanova, E. (2005): Forced Labour in the Russian Federation Today: Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Human Beings. Geneva: ILO
International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH) & Civic Assistance Committee (CAC) (2008): Alternative Joint-report to the Attention of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD): Migrant Workers in the Russian Federation: The Use of Forced Labour. Geneva: FIDH
OSCE-ODIHR (2008): Identification, Assistance and Protection of Victims of Trafficking in the Russian Federation (focusing on the Moscow region).
Spain • See also: Italy & Spain
ACCEM (2006): La Trata de Personas con Fines de Explotación Laboral. Un estudio de aproximación a la realidad en España. Madrid: ACCEM
Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) Equality Department (2010): For Decent Work, Against labour exploitation. Madrid: UGT
Ukraine • See: Belarus & Ukraine
United Kingdom • See also: Ireland & United Kingdom
Anti Slavery International/Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group (2010): Wrong kind of victim? One year on: an analysis of UK measures to protect trafficked persons. London: Anti-Slavery International for the Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group. City: Anti-Slavery International for the Anti-Trafficking Monitoring Group Anti Slavery International/Skrivankova,K. (2006): Trafficking for Forced Labour UK Country Report. London: Anti Slavery International
Burnett, J. & Whyte, D. (2010): The Wages of Fear: risk, safety and undocumented work. University of Liverpool
COMPAS in collaboration with the Trade Union Congress/Anderson, B. & Rogaly, B. (2009): Forced Labour and Migration to the UK.
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) et al (2007): Contemporary slavery in the UK: overview and key issues. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Kalayaan/Lalani, M. (2011): Policies that work to protect migrant domestic workers. London: Kalayaan
Skrivankova, K. (2010): Between decent work and forced labor: examining the continuum of exploitation. JRF Program Paper: Forced Labour. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
UK Home Office/Dowling, S., Moreton, K. & Wright, L. (2007): see above at ‘Trafficking for Exploitation Outside the Sex Sector in Europe"
Beirnaert, J. (2011): A Trade Union Perspective on Combating Trafficking and Forced Labour in Europe, in: Combating Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation. Chapter 10, Pp.471-494. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publisher.
Dijk, F.H. van & Ungureanu R.N. (2010): Labour Exploitation in Europe: A practical guide with observations and recommendations on European inspection, investigation, and prosecution of labour exploitation.
ILO/Andrees, B. (2008): Forced labour and trafficking in Europe: how people are trapped in, live through and come out. Working Paper 57, February 2008. Geneva: ILO
ITUC CSI IGB/Anti Slavery International (2011): Never work alone. Trade Unions and NGOs joining forces to combat Forced Labour and Trafficking in Europe. Brussels: ITUC.
OSCE (2005 & 2006): Report of the 3rd and 5th Alliance against Trafficking in Persons Conferences on Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour. Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour: Identification – Prevention – Prosecution; Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour: Prosecution of Offenders, Justice for Victims. Vienna: OSCE
OSCE-ODIHR (2007a): The NRM Approach to Trafficking and its application to trafficking for labour exploitation. Report on Civil Society Meeting, Warsaw, 24 April 2007. ODIHR Anti-Trafficking Programme. Warsaw: OSCE-ODIHR
OSCE-ODIHR (2007b): ODIHR Discussion Paper on standards and new developments in labour trafficking. Warsaw. OSCE-ODIHR
OSCE (2009): A summary of challenges addressing human trafficking for labour exploitation in the agricultural sector in the OSCE region. Vienna: OSCE
OSCE (2011): Unprotected Work, Invisible Exploitation: Trafficking for the Purpose of Domestic Servitude. Vienna: OSCE
UK Home Office/Dowling, S., Moreton, K., Wright, L. (2007): Trafficking for the purposes of labour exploitation: a literature review. Home Office Online Report 10/07. Online: Research Development and Statistics Directorate, UK Home Office.
USAID (2009): Trafficking of adult men in the Europe and Eurasia regions. Final report. USAID
When reflecting about trafficking, trafficked women analysis goes beyond their traumatic experiences to their strategies to cope, face and overcome trafficking. They are able to reflect and shed light on what does not work in the assistance methodologies and about their assigned role as passive victims.
In this issue paper, the author presents the thoughts and experiences of trafficked women who participated in a Feminist Participatory Action Research she coordinated between 2007 and 2010. The research took place in the Philippines, the United States, Colombia and Spain and involved women from 13 countries who had been trafficked for prostitution, organ harvesting, forced marriage, begging, domestic exploitation, labor exploitation and slavery-like practices.
Through this issue paper trafficked women reflect about their role as victims, and about concepts such as agency vulnerability, resilience and coping strategies, and their evolving identities beyond their trafficking experience.
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